Nootropic peptide, synthetic, carrying an acetyl group at the N-terminus and an adamantane modification at the C-terminus; both raise stability and blood-brain barrier penetration. Research covers cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity.
Copper-binding tripeptide, synthetic, aimed at dermal papilla cells and hair follicles. Hair follicles elongate, cells proliferate, VEGF production rises, and TGF-β1 is inhibited. Skin regeneration is supported by way of fibroblast activation and collagen synthesis.
A modified fragment of human growth hormone spanning amino acids 176–191. Lipolysis is stimulated and lipogenesis inhibited, without the side effects that accompany full growth hormone: IGF-1 does not rise, glucose metabolism is unaffected, and insulin resistance does not follow.
Engineered peptide of 11 amino acids that activates the Innate Repair Receptor (IRR), giving tissue-protective effects while leaving red blood cell production unstimulated. FDA Orphan Drug status applies.
Analog of human relaxin-2 built as a single chain, activating relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) selectively. Where native relaxin-2 depends on two chains, A and B, held together by disulfide bonds in a complex structure, B7-33 achieves the same RXFP1 activation from one simple chain — synthesis is far easier and far cheaper for it. Anti-fibrotic, vasodilatory, and cardioprotective properties are potent in preclinical research, which puts B7-33 forward as a promising therapeutic candidate for heart failure, fibrotic diseases, and vascular dysfunction.
Synthetic peptide taken from a sequence in a gastric juice protein; the literature covers tissue repair, reduced inflammation, and gastrointestinal protection. Described actions are the formation of new blood vessels, increased collagen synthesis, altered growth-factor expression, and protection of tissue against damage, whether delivery is local or systemic.
Long-acting lipidated amylin analog that acts at both the amylin and calcitonin receptors, aimed at weight management and type 2 diabetes. In the CagriSema combination, phase 3 trials report 22.7% weight loss.
Synthetic analog of growth hormone releasing hormone whose short half-life leaves GH secretion pulsatile, in patterns resembling natural physiology. Where CJC-1295 with DAC elevates GH continuously, this version keeps the natural pulsatility.
Growth hormone releasing hormone, modified with albumin-binding technology so that duration extends. Binding of the DAC to albumin lengthens half-life and holds GHRH receptor stimulation continuous.
Cyclic dipeptide of endogenous origin, present in plasma, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid. As a metabolite of IGF-1 it governs that hormone's bioavailability by competing for binding at IGFBP-3. Clinical trials back neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, and cardioprotective properties.
Oligopeptide, synthetic, from angiotensin IV; cognitive function is potently enhanced by way of synaptogenesis. Synapse formation runs through HGF/c-Met receptor activation, where potency is 10 million times that of BDNF.
Peptide of 11 amino acids, its sequence taken from the pro-domain of GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor). The design was meant to keep GDNF's neuroprotective properties and drop what limits the full-length protein: manufacturing complexity, off-target effects, and weak penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Dopaminergic neurons are protected and stimulated in preclinical research, which is why interest in the compound runs high in Parkinson's disease research, and in biohacking circles concerned with the health of the dopamine system.
Nonapeptide occurring naturally, first found in rabbit brain in 1974. Isolation followed from its sleep-promoting properties, but its neuromodulatory effects are wider: stress reduction, pain modulation, and endocrine regulation, all without traditional sedative effects.
Synthetic tetrapeptide from the Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson, with more than 35 years of research behind it. Telomerase is activated at extremely low concentrations, holding telomere length; melatonin production is stimulated; gene expression is modulated by epigenetic mechanisms.
Synthetic peptide whose sequence comes from the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), specifically its second fibronectin type III module. The interaction of NCAM with FGFR1, the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, is what it mimics, and the downstream signaling cascades that follow promote neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Research has run mostly in animal models, where the compound has shown promise in stroke recovery, cognitive enhancement, and models of neurodegenerative disease.
Senolytic peptide built to clear senescent 'zombie' cells selectively, which accumulate with age and contribute to tissue dysfunction. The route is disruption of the FOXO4-p53 interaction that keeps those cells alive. Its 'DRI' modification (D-retro-inverso) uses reversed D-amino acids, raising potency and stability. In aged mice, preclinical research reports fur density, fitness, and organ function restored.
Copper tripeptide, naturally occurring, present in human plasma, saliva, and urine. It affects 31.2% of human genes, and its level drops significantly with age: roughly 200 ng/ml at age 20 against roughly 80 ng/ml at age 60. Skin regeneration, wound healing, and anti-aging properties are what it is known for.
Glycoprotein hormone the placenta produces naturally during pregnancy; binding at LH receptors stimulates biosynthesis of testosterone and estrogen. FDA approval covers cryptorchidism, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and ovulation induction.
Polypeptide hormone of 191 amino acids, also called somatropin, with FDA approval covering growth hormone deficiency in children and adults, HIV-associated wasting, and other conditions. Anabolic effects arrive by two routes, direct and indirect through IGF-1.
The segment of human growth hormone responsible for fat burning: amino acids 176 through 191 within the full GH molecule. It stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis, leaving out the effects on growth and on insulin that come with HGH at full length. Adding an N-terminal tyrosine residue to this fragment gives AOD-9604.
Analog of insulin-like growth factor-1, truncated: three N-terminal amino acids are absent from the start of the chain. Binding to IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) is eliminated by that change, so no part of the peptide is sequestered in circulation and 100% stays bioactive. Potency then runs approximately 10x native IGF-1, against a half-life that is extremely short — 20–30 minutes. The short duration is considered a feature, not a limitation: injection can be placed at a specific site in the target muscle immediately after a workout, so growth stays localized and systemic exposure is reduced.
Selective GHRP that raises natural GH production from the pituitary while disruption of cortisol and prolactin stays minimal. It is known for a clean safety profile and for consistent GH pulses, free of the significant side effects common to other growth hormone releasing peptides.
Master regulator of the reproductive system: it stimulates the GnRH neurons on which puberty, fertility, and reproductive function depend.
Synthetic α-MSH analog with selective action at MC1 receptors, stimulating melanin. As the SCENESSE implant it holds FDA approval for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). The research-grade injectable allows dosing flexibility the implant version does not.
Mitochondrial-derived peptide operating as a mitohormone by way of the Folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway. Metabolic stress sends it into the nucleus, where it binds stress-response transcription factors (NRF2, ATF1/ATF7) and regulates genes involved in metabolism and cellular adaptation.
Version of the Russian nootropic Semax, enhanced and stabilized, with acetylation and amidation supplying superior stability, a longer half-life, and higher bioavailability.
Triple hormone receptor agonist whose targets are the glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptors. At 48 weeks, phase II trials recorded weight loss of 24.2%, the highest yet recorded for obesity medications.
Synthetic heptapeptide analog of tuftsin, an immune peptide that occurs naturally; the Russian Academy of Sciences developed it. Anxiolytic effects are comparable to those of benzodiazepines, but sedation, amnesia, tolerance, and withdrawal do not follow.
GLP-1 receptor agonist, long-acting, with approval for chronic weight management and type 2 diabetes. Significant efficacy has been demonstrated across more than 17,000 trial participants, by way of glycemic control and appetite suppression. Weekly dosing is convenient, enabled by the 7-day half-life.
Synthetic heptapeptide from fragment 4–10 of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), developed originally in Russia for stroke recovery. CNS penetration is raised by direct transport along the olfactory epithelium and trigeminal nerves, which bypasses the blood-brain barrier.
Analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone, synthetic, 29 amino acids long. Growth hormone production rises naturally under it while the physiological pulsatile pattern holds. The FDA approved it in 1997 for GH deficiency in children; discontinuation followed in 2008, for manufacturing reasons and not safety concerns.
Synthetic octapeptide serving as a topical alternative to Botox, aimed at dynamic facial wrinkles by way of SNARE complex modulation. Clinical work demonstrates wrinkle depth reduced by up to 63%.
Synthetic fragment of seven amino acids matching the actin-binding region of thymosin beta-4; equine use was the original application, and the tissue repair properties carried over. It serves as the principal actin-sequestering protein, regulating cell migration, driving angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and activating stem cell differentiation.
Synthetic GHRH analog with FDA approval, designed for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Visceral fat is targeted selectively — clinical trials record 15–20% visceral fat reduction — while subcutaneous fat is preserved.
Khavinson bioregulator made of glutamic acid and tryptophan — the EW dipeptide — first isolated in the late 1980s from Thymalin, an extract of calf thymus. Professor Vladimir Khavinson developed it; Russia has had it registered since 1990, in an injectable solution, a nasal spray, and a topical cream. Immunity is modulated on both the humoral and the cellular side, T-cell differentiation is activated, and research studies have shown antitumor and geroprotective (anti-aging) activities.
Synthetic 28-amino acid peptide identical to the thymic hormone that occurs naturally. More than 11,000 patients across upwards of 30 clinical trials have been studied, with serious adverse events under 1%. Immune modulation is the approved use, in more than 35 countries.
Dual receptor agonist with FDA approval for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management. Efficacy runs above that of single-mechanism alternatives, with body weight reduced 15–22% in clinical trials. As the first-in-class dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist it delivers metabolic benefits beyond those of GLP-1-only medications.
Anabolic bone-building agent with FDA approval, a synthetic analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). Selective activation of the PTH1 receptor stimulates new bone formation while bone resorption stays minimized. The phase III ACTIVE trial recorded BMD increases at the hip greater than those with teriparatide, alongside substantial reduction in fracture risk. Approval followed in the US in 2017 and the EU in 2022, for postmenopausal women and men with osteoporosis at high fracture risk.
Soluble form of the activin type IIB receptor (ActRIIB) fused to an IgG1 Fc domain. As a decoy receptor it binds and neutralizes myostatin along with other TGF-beta superfamily members that ordinarily limit muscle growth. Acceleron Pharma developed it for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and took it to Phase 2 clinical trials, where vascular side effects — nosebleeds and telangiectasia among them — halted development. A single dose in healthy volunteers produced significant gains in lean mass and drops in fat mass within 29 days.
Derivative of Selank, modified for greater stability, better crossing of the blood-brain barrier, and a longer half-life than the parent compound. Selank itself has been approved in Russia since the early 2000s.
Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (AEDL) whose primary effects fall on the bronchopulmonary system. It came out of Professor Vladimir Khavinson's group at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, targets bronchial tissue, and supports respiratory function. As with the other Khavinson peptides, it enters the cell nucleus and influences gene expression tied to maintenance and repair of respiratory tissue.
Khavinson bioregulator peptide of four amino acids, out of research on heart tissue. Larger peptides act at the cell surface; Cardiogen instead reaches the cell nucleus, where binding to specific DNA regions regulates gene expression. That epigenetic route supports tissue repair and improves cardiovascular function, with the heart and blood vessels benefiting in particular.
Tripeptide, synthetic, from Professor Vladimir Khavinson. Support for cartilage, connective tissue, and cellular regeneration runs through proliferation markers and modulation of apoptosis pathways.
Tripeptide bioregulator (EDG) of the Khavinson series, sourced from lung tissue of the respiratory tract. It came out of Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; the bronchopulmonary system is its target, and it carries secondary activity in the GI tract. Genes tied to proliferation responses, antioxidant activity, and inflammation are regulated, research shows. Monocyte TNF production is inhibited. Study has also treated it as a potential geroprotective agent, one that may support lung function where COPD and similar conditions are present.
Tetrapeptide bioregulator (AEDP) of the Khavinson series; the brain and central nervous system are its primary targets. Work at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology produced it. In the nervous system it regulates inflammatory responses, it restores the balance of pro- and anti-oxidative processes, and expression of interleukin-2 is stimulated. Research points to potential benefits for nerve regeneration, for recovery from ischemic brain injury, and for reducing autoimmune reactions that affect the CNS.
Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide (EDP), identified in thymalin, acting selectively on thymus tissues. Developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it raises immune function by stimulating proliferation of normal lymphocytes while holding back tumor cell growth. Research records immunity normalized in 82% of elderly patients against 56% of controls, and fewer respiratory infections in athletes, with HSP gene expression doubled.
Glycoprotein hormone, essential, that drives red blood cell production. The kidneys make it in response to low oxygen; the recombinant human form carries FDA approval for anemia in chronic kidney disease and in chemotherapy patients. Binding at receptors on bone marrow cells promotes survival and maturation of red blood cell precursors, which raises oxygen-carrying capacity. Competitive sports ban it for its performance-enhancing effects.
Synthetic growth hormone secretagogue that prompts the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. Among the GHRP family it ranks with the most potent, 2–3 times as effective as GHRP-6 at stimulating GH release. Its original role was diagnostic, for growth hormone deficiency; the mechanism is mimicry of ghrelin and binding at the GHS-R1a receptor.
Synthetic growth hormone secretagogue that prompts the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. It was among the first GHRPs developed and binds the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). Rather than supply GH directly as an injection would, it raises the body's own GH production while negative feedback mechanisms stay balanced. Appetite stimulation is its noted potent effect.
Synthetic form of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), which occurs naturally. It acts on the pituitary gland, which then releases luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); those two go on to regulate ovulation in women and testosterone production in men. FDA approval covers fertility treatment and diagnostic testing. GnRH is secreted in pulses, and that pattern is critical to proper reproductive function.
Among synthetic growth hormone secretagogues, one of the most potent available. Binding at the GHS-R1a receptor of the hypothalamus and pituitary mimics ghrelin and releases GH. With GHRH the effect is synergistic: the GH response comes out greater than the arithmetic sum of the two given separately. Cardioprotective properties unique to it are mediated by the CD36 receptor.
First of the mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) to be discovered, cloned from the occipital lobe of a patient with Alzheimer's. Its 24 amino acids are encoded within the 16S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA, and its neuroprotective, cytoprotective, and anti-apoptotic properties are potent. Levels decline with age, research reports, yet hold stable in long-lived species — naked mole-rats among them — and the offspring of centenarians carry significantly higher levels.
Synthetic 83-amino acid analog of insulin-like growth factor-1, never approved for human use. An N-terminal extension and the R3 substitution cut interaction with binding proteins, so free circulating levels stay elevated and potency runs about 3x that of native IGF-1.
Tripeptide taken from the C-terminal end of alpha-MSH, potent as an anti-inflammatory. It carries anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties but not the pigmentation effects of full α-MSH, which suits it to inflammation management.
Tetrapeptide bioregulator (KEDA) of the Khavinson series, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective to a significant degree. Structurally it is close to Epitalon. Antioxidant and immune status are normalized, and liver function is restored in conditions of hepatitis. Its best-known property is the decondensation of chromatin: silent genes, among them ribosomal genes, switch on, and protein synthesis and cellular activity rise. Aging is when the protective effects peak.
Dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, first in its class, pairing appetite suppression with stimulated thermogenesis. Phase 3 trials showed it superior to semaglutide on weight loss and glycemic control.
Synthetic analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) whose activity spans melanocortin receptors throughout the body. Melanin production for tanning follows MC1R activation, while the MC4R effect falls on sexual arousal and appetite control.
IGF-1 splice variant without pegylation, produced locally in muscle tissue after mechanical stress. Its half-life is very short next to PEG-MGF, so administration must be more frequent, or localized by injection.
Enhanced form of Selank, the anxiolytic nootropic peptide out of Russia's Institute of Molecular Genetics. An N-acetyl group improves blood-brain barrier penetration and yields more stable metabolites, and C-terminal amidation adds further metabolic stability and receptor binding. Anxiety relief comes without the sedation, dependency, or cognitive impairment that attend benzodiazepines.
The first oral non-peptide GLP-1 to complete Phase 3 trials. Substantial weight loss comes without injections, refrigeration, or dietary restrictions, and clinical evidence puts the reduction at 12.4% by 72 weeks.
Tripeptide bioregulator (EDL) of the Khavinson series, acting mainly on the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. Dr. Vladimir Khavinson developed it at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Long-term liver fibrosis is reduced, and the GI mucosal layer is shielded against chemotherapy, environmental toxins, and antibiotics. Like the other bioregulators it passes through cell and nuclear membranes, regulating DNA transcription patterns directly, with effects specific to tissue.
Peptide hormone of nine amino acids, made in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. Its functions span social bonding, trust, empathy, reproduction, childbirth, lactation. The synthetic form holds FDA approval for labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage.
Nootropic peptide derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) that raises neurogenesis and cognitive function. An adamantane moiety carries it across the blood-brain barrier. Research reports increased BDNF expression, inhibition of LIF signaling to promote neurogenesis, and reduced tau and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease models. In diseased brains, P21 can push neurogenesis past the level seen in healthy untreated brains.
Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (KEDW), isolated originally from bovine pancreatic cells. Developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it interacts with DNA directly to regulate pancreatic gene expression. In old rhesus monkeys, research recorded impaired glucose tolerance corrected, insulin and C-peptide levels normalized, and endocrine pancreatic function improved. It counts as safe and effective against age-related metabolic disturbances.
Synthetic heptapeptide drawn from positions 22–28 of Spadin, acting as a potent TREK-1 antagonist with selectivity and duration beyond the parent compound. Rapid antidepressant effects are the primary research focus.
IGF-1 variant carrying a PEG attachment, which stretches half-life from minutes into hours. Muscle satellite cells are activated after mechanical stress or injury.
Russian in origin, Pinealon acts through a unique interaction with DNA to deliver neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Recovery from traumatic brain injury and age-related cognitive decline both benefit, and the safety profile is clean.
Anti-cancer peptide at the experimental stage, designed in 2000 by a supercomputer at SUNY Downstate Medical Center. Two parts make it up: a cell-penetrating domain and, from p53, an HDM-2 binding domain (residues 12–26). Killing of cancer cells is selective — the peptide binds HDM-2 (MDM2) expressed on the cancer cell membrane, and the pores that form bring on cell necrosis. Healthy cells express no HDM-2 on their membranes, so normal cells are untouched, which is critical. Effectiveness has been shown against melanoma, leukemia, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (KEDP) whose primary repair effects fall on prostate tissue. Professor Vladimir Khavinson developed it at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; in cells from elderly individuals it alters chromatin structure, promoting deheterochromatinization and potentially reactivating genes repressed during aging. Rat models show prostate inflammation reduced, swelling decreased, and the pathological remodeling associated with prostatitis slowed.
Melanocortin receptor agonist with FDA approval for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. Its action is central, in the nervous system, triggering sexual arousal pathways that do not depend on the vascular mechanisms behind traditional ED medications.
Aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide that binds selectively to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Lipid peroxidation is prevented and electron transport chain function optimized, raising cellular energy production.
Investigational dual receptor agonist for metabolic disease, working through balanced activation of GLP-1R and GCGR. Phase 2/3 clinical trials show superior weight loss and efficacy in MASH treatment.
Synthetic derivative of thymosin beta-4, made up of the N-terminal acetylated 17–23 amino acid fragment. Within thymosin beta-4 that sequence is the active site behind actin binding, cell migration, and wound healing. Research reports endothelial cell differentiation, angiogenesis, keratinocyte migration, and collagen deposition all promoted, with inflammation decreased. Acetylation guards the N-terminus against degradation and biological activity is retained.
Anabolic bone-building agent with FDA approval, consisting of the first 34 amino acids of parathyroid hormone. Antiresorptive osteoporosis drugs slow bone loss; teriparatide instead stimulates new bone formation actively. Intermittent exposure is the key to the mechanism — continuous PTH drives resorption, whereas daily injections stimulate osteoblasts more than osteoclasts, and net bone formation results. Clinical trials show spine bone density up 8% and vertebral fractures down 65%.
Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (KEDG), isolated originally from testicular tissue extracts. Professor Vladimir Khavinson developed it at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; testosterone biosynthesis is promoted through stimulation of Leydig cell activity and better cellular metabolism in testicular tissue. Research shows normal communication restored within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which governs testosterone production and spermatogenesis.
Peptide of 43 amino acids, naturally occurring, central to tissue repair, wound healing, and cellular regeneration. It drives angiogenesis, lowers inflammation, and supports the migration and differentiation of cells.
Nonapeptide hormone secreted only by thymic epithelial cells, discovered by Jean-François Bach in the 1970s. Thymalin is a mixture of peptide extract; thymulin by contrast is a single, defined peptide of 9 amino acids whose biological activity requires zinc binding. It is crucial to T-cell differentiation and maturation inside the thymus. Serum levels fall significantly with age and with zinc deficiency, feeding age-related immune decline (immunosenescence). Research has looked at restoring immune function, managing autoimmune conditions, and use as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Dipeptide bioregulator (ED) of glutamic acid and aspartic acid, from the Khavinson series, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Function of the urinary tract and bladder is what it is designed to support, and research indicates potential benefit to prostate health in men. Proposed effects are smooth muscle regulation, better blood flow through tissue, and cellular regeneration in urogenital tissues. It is a distinct compound from Vesugen, the KED tripeptide, whose target is vascular endothelium.
Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide from Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Three amino acids make it up — lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid — and its target is the vascular system, protecting blood vessels against age-related decline. Research shows atherosclerosis development limited, endothelial dysfunction decreased, and stem cells activated. As with the other short Khavinson peptides, it reaches the nucleus and influences gene expression.
Khavinson bioregulator dipeptide (KE) of lysine and glutamic acid, isolated originally from thymus gland extracts. Professor Vladimir Khavinson developed it at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; it works as a molecular signaling compound, restoring normal gene expression and protein synthesis in immune and epithelial cells. Animal studies record mean lifespan raised by 20–40% and tumor development suppressed.
Neuropeptide of 28 amino acids in the glucagon/secretin superfamily. Production occurs in many tissues, the gut, pancreas, and brain among them. Its vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects are potent. Binding at the VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors triggers cAMP-mediated signaling cascades. Research points to therapeutic potential for pulmonary hypertension, diabetes, neurological disorders, and autoimmune conditions.
Chimeric peptidomimetic aimed at the vasculature of adipose tissue: it binds prohibitin/annexin A2 on white adipose tissue endothelium and delivers a pro-apoptotic D-(KLAKLAK)2 motif. Obese primates lost fat rapidly and insulin resistance improved, but kidney safety signals stopped development after Phase 1.
Hormonally active medication that carries luteinizing hormone (LH) alongside follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the two at a 1:1 ratio, extracted from postmenopausal women's urine. Fertility treatment is the FDA-approved use: in women it drives development of ovarian follicles, in men spermatogenesis. Some settings have largely moved to recombinant gonadotropins, but for assisted reproduction and ovulation induction HMG remains effective and cost-efficient.
The one human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide: 37 amino acids, cationic, derived from hCAP18. Antimicrobial activity is broad-spectrum across bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and immune responses are modulated alongside it.
Natural peptide bioregulator from calf thymus gland, developed in the Soviet Union during the 1970s. Its mixture of thymic peptides supports immune restoration, anti-aging, and tissue regeneration. Decades of research have shown significant geroprotective effects: mortality rates fell up to 2-fold in studies, and 4-fold in combination with Epithalamin.
Indexed — monograph not yet written.