Nootropic peptide, synthetic, carrying an acetyl group at the N-terminus and an adamantane modification at the C-terminus; both raise stability and blood-brain barrier penetration. Research covers cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity.
Synthetic peptide taken from a sequence in a gastric juice protein; the literature covers tissue repair, reduced inflammation, and gastrointestinal protection. Described actions are the formation of new blood vessels, increased collagen synthesis, altered growth-factor expression, and protection of tissue against damage, whether delivery is local or systemic.
Cyclic dipeptide of endogenous origin, present in plasma, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid. As a metabolite of IGF-1 it governs that hormone's bioavailability by competing for binding at IGFBP-3. Clinical trials back neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, and cardioprotective properties.
Oligopeptide, synthetic, from angiotensin IV; cognitive function is potently enhanced by way of synaptogenesis. Synapse formation runs through HGF/c-Met receptor activation, where potency is 10 million times that of BDNF.
Synthetic tetrapeptide from the Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson, with more than 35 years of research behind it. Telomerase is activated at extremely low concentrations, holding telomere length; melatonin production is stimulated; gene expression is modulated by epigenetic mechanisms.
Senolytic peptide built to clear senescent 'zombie' cells selectively, which accumulate with age and contribute to tissue dysfunction. The route is disruption of the FOXO4-p53 interaction that keeps those cells alive. Its 'DRI' modification (D-retro-inverso) uses reversed D-amino acids, raising potency and stability. In aged mice, preclinical research reports fur density, fitness, and organ function restored.
Copper tripeptide, naturally occurring, present in human plasma, saliva, and urine. It affects 31.2% of human genes, and its level drops significantly with age: roughly 200 ng/ml at age 20 against roughly 80 ng/ml at age 60. Skin regeneration, wound healing, and anti-aging properties are what it is known for.
Mitochondrial-derived peptide operating as a mitohormone by way of the Folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway. Metabolic stress sends it into the nucleus, where it binds stress-response transcription factors (NRF2, ATF1/ATF7) and regulates genes involved in metabolism and cellular adaptation.
Version of the Russian nootropic Semax, enhanced and stabilized, with acetylation and amidation supplying superior stability, a longer half-life, and higher bioavailability.
Synthetic heptapeptide analog of tuftsin, an immune peptide that occurs naturally; the Russian Academy of Sciences developed it. Anxiolytic effects are comparable to those of benzodiazepines, but sedation, amnesia, tolerance, and withdrawal do not follow.
Synthetic heptapeptide from fragment 4–10 of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), developed originally in Russia for stroke recovery. CNS penetration is raised by direct transport along the olfactory epithelium and trigeminal nerves, which bypasses the blood-brain barrier.
Synthetic fragment of seven amino acids matching the actin-binding region of thymosin beta-4; equine use was the original application, and the tissue repair properties carried over. It serves as the principal actin-sequestering protein, regulating cell migration, driving angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and activating stem cell differentiation.
Khavinson bioregulator made of glutamic acid and tryptophan — the EW dipeptide — first isolated in the late 1980s from Thymalin, an extract of calf thymus. Professor Vladimir Khavinson developed it; Russia has had it registered since 1990, in an injectable solution, a nasal spray, and a topical cream. Immunity is modulated on both the humoral and the cellular side, T-cell differentiation is activated, and research studies have shown antitumor and geroprotective (anti-aging) activities.
Synthetic 28-amino acid peptide identical to the thymic hormone that occurs naturally. More than 11,000 patients across upwards of 30 clinical trials have been studied, with serious adverse events under 1%. Immune modulation is the approved use, in more than 35 countries.
Derivative of Selank, modified for greater stability, better crossing of the blood-brain barrier, and a longer half-life than the parent compound. Selank itself has been approved in Russia since the early 2000s.
Khavinson bioregulator peptide of four amino acids, out of research on heart tissue. Larger peptides act at the cell surface; Cardiogen instead reaches the cell nucleus, where binding to specific DNA regions regulates gene expression. That epigenetic route supports tissue repair and improves cardiovascular function, with the heart and blood vessels benefiting in particular.
Tripeptide, synthetic, from Professor Vladimir Khavinson. Support for cartilage, connective tissue, and cellular regeneration runs through proliferation markers and modulation of apoptosis pathways.
Tripeptide bioregulator (EDG) of the Khavinson series, sourced from lung tissue of the respiratory tract. It came out of Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; the bronchopulmonary system is its target, and it carries secondary activity in the GI tract. Genes tied to proliferation responses, antioxidant activity, and inflammation are regulated, research shows. Monocyte TNF production is inhibited. Study has also treated it as a potential geroprotective agent, one that may support lung function where COPD and similar conditions are present.
Tetrapeptide bioregulator (AEDP) of the Khavinson series; the brain and central nervous system are its primary targets. Work at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology produced it. In the nervous system it regulates inflammatory responses, it restores the balance of pro- and anti-oxidative processes, and expression of interleukin-2 is stimulated. Research points to potential benefits for nerve regeneration, for recovery from ischemic brain injury, and for reducing autoimmune reactions that affect the CNS.
Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide (EDP), identified in thymalin, acting selectively on thymus tissues. Developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it raises immune function by stimulating proliferation of normal lymphocytes while holding back tumor cell growth. Research records immunity normalized in 82% of elderly patients against 56% of controls, and fewer respiratory infections in athletes, with HSP gene expression doubled.
First of the mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) to be discovered, cloned from the occipital lobe of a patient with Alzheimer's. Its 24 amino acids are encoded within the 16S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA, and its neuroprotective, cytoprotective, and anti-apoptotic properties are potent. Levels decline with age, research reports, yet hold stable in long-lived species — naked mole-rats among them — and the offspring of centenarians carry significantly higher levels.
Tetrapeptide bioregulator (KEDA) of the Khavinson series, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective to a significant degree. Structurally it is close to Epitalon. Antioxidant and immune status are normalized, and liver function is restored in conditions of hepatitis. Its best-known property is the decondensation of chromatin: silent genes, among them ribosomal genes, switch on, and protein synthesis and cellular activity rise. Aging is when the protective effects peak.
Enhanced form of Selank, the anxiolytic nootropic peptide out of Russia's Institute of Molecular Genetics. An N-acetyl group improves blood-brain barrier penetration and yields more stable metabolites, and C-terminal amidation adds further metabolic stability and receptor binding. Anxiety relief comes without the sedation, dependency, or cognitive impairment that attend benzodiazepines.
Tripeptide bioregulator (EDL) of the Khavinson series, acting mainly on the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. Dr. Vladimir Khavinson developed it at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Long-term liver fibrosis is reduced, and the GI mucosal layer is shielded against chemotherapy, environmental toxins, and antibiotics. Like the other bioregulators it passes through cell and nuclear membranes, regulating DNA transcription patterns directly, with effects specific to tissue.
Nootropic peptide derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) that raises neurogenesis and cognitive function. An adamantane moiety carries it across the blood-brain barrier. Research reports increased BDNF expression, inhibition of LIF signaling to promote neurogenesis, and reduced tau and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease models. In diseased brains, P21 can push neurogenesis past the level seen in healthy untreated brains.
Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (KEDW), isolated originally from bovine pancreatic cells. Developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it interacts with DNA directly to regulate pancreatic gene expression. In old rhesus monkeys, research recorded impaired glucose tolerance corrected, insulin and C-peptide levels normalized, and endocrine pancreatic function improved. It counts as safe and effective against age-related metabolic disturbances.
Synthetic heptapeptide drawn from positions 22–28 of Spadin, acting as a potent TREK-1 antagonist with selectivity and duration beyond the parent compound. Rapid antidepressant effects are the primary research focus.
Russian in origin, Pinealon acts through a unique interaction with DNA to deliver neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Recovery from traumatic brain injury and age-related cognitive decline both benefit, and the safety profile is clean.
Anti-cancer peptide at the experimental stage, designed in 2000 by a supercomputer at SUNY Downstate Medical Center. Two parts make it up: a cell-penetrating domain and, from p53, an HDM-2 binding domain (residues 12–26). Killing of cancer cells is selective — the peptide binds HDM-2 (MDM2) expressed on the cancer cell membrane, and the pores that form bring on cell necrosis. Healthy cells express no HDM-2 on their membranes, so normal cells are untouched, which is critical. Effectiveness has been shown against melanoma, leukemia, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
Aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide that binds selectively to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Lipid peroxidation is prevented and electron transport chain function optimized, raising cellular energy production.
Synthetic derivative of thymosin beta-4, made up of the N-terminal acetylated 17–23 amino acid fragment. Within thymosin beta-4 that sequence is the active site behind actin binding, cell migration, and wound healing. Research reports endothelial cell differentiation, angiogenesis, keratinocyte migration, and collagen deposition all promoted, with inflammation decreased. Acetylation guards the N-terminus against degradation and biological activity is retained.
Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (KEDG), isolated originally from testicular tissue extracts. Professor Vladimir Khavinson developed it at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; testosterone biosynthesis is promoted through stimulation of Leydig cell activity and better cellular metabolism in testicular tissue. Research shows normal communication restored within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which governs testosterone production and spermatogenesis.
Peptide of 43 amino acids, naturally occurring, central to tissue repair, wound healing, and cellular regeneration. It drives angiogenesis, lowers inflammation, and supports the migration and differentiation of cells.
Nonapeptide hormone secreted only by thymic epithelial cells, discovered by Jean-François Bach in the 1970s. Thymalin is a mixture of peptide extract; thymulin by contrast is a single, defined peptide of 9 amino acids whose biological activity requires zinc binding. It is crucial to T-cell differentiation and maturation inside the thymus. Serum levels fall significantly with age and with zinc deficiency, feeding age-related immune decline (immunosenescence). Research has looked at restoring immune function, managing autoimmune conditions, and use as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Dipeptide bioregulator (ED) of glutamic acid and aspartic acid, from the Khavinson series, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Function of the urinary tract and bladder is what it is designed to support, and research indicates potential benefit to prostate health in men. Proposed effects are smooth muscle regulation, better blood flow through tissue, and cellular regeneration in urogenital tissues. It is a distinct compound from Vesugen, the KED tripeptide, whose target is vascular endothelium.
Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide from Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Three amino acids make it up — lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid — and its target is the vascular system, protecting blood vessels against age-related decline. Research shows atherosclerosis development limited, endothelial dysfunction decreased, and stem cells activated. As with the other short Khavinson peptides, it reaches the nucleus and influences gene expression.
Khavinson bioregulator dipeptide (KE) of lysine and glutamic acid, isolated originally from thymus gland extracts. Professor Vladimir Khavinson developed it at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; it works as a molecular signaling compound, restoring normal gene expression and protein synthesis in immune and epithelial cells. Animal studies record mean lifespan raised by 20–40% and tumor development suppressed.
Natural peptide bioregulator from calf thymus gland, developed in the Soviet Union during the 1970s. Its mixture of thymic peptides supports immune restoration, anti-aging, and tissue regeneration. Decades of research have shown significant geroprotective effects: mortality rates fell up to 2-fold in studies, and 4-fold in combination with Epithalamin.