A modified fragment of human growth hormone spanning amino acids 176–191. Lipolysis is stimulated and lipogenesis inhibited, without the side effects that accompany full growth hormone: IGF-1 does not rise, glucose metabolism is unaffected, and insulin resistance does not follow.
Long-acting lipidated amylin analog that acts at both the amylin and calcitonin receptors, aimed at weight management and type 2 diabetes. In the CagriSema combination, phase 3 trials report 22.7% weight loss.
The segment of human growth hormone responsible for fat burning: amino acids 176 through 191 within the full GH molecule. It stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis, leaving out the effects on growth and on insulin that come with HGH at full length. Adding an N-terminal tyrosine residue to this fragment gives AOD-9604.
Mitochondrial-derived peptide operating as a mitohormone by way of the Folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway. Metabolic stress sends it into the nucleus, where it binds stress-response transcription factors (NRF2, ATF1/ATF7) and regulates genes involved in metabolism and cellular adaptation.
Triple hormone receptor agonist whose targets are the glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptors. At 48 weeks, phase II trials recorded weight loss of 24.2%, the highest yet recorded for obesity medications.
GLP-1 receptor agonist, long-acting, with approval for chronic weight management and type 2 diabetes. Significant efficacy has been demonstrated across more than 17,000 trial participants, by way of glycemic control and appetite suppression. Weekly dosing is convenient, enabled by the 7-day half-life.
Dual receptor agonist with FDA approval for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management. Efficacy runs above that of single-mechanism alternatives, with body weight reduced 15–22% in clinical trials. As the first-in-class dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist it delivers metabolic benefits beyond those of GLP-1-only medications.
Glycoprotein hormone, essential, that drives red blood cell production. The kidneys make it in response to low oxygen; the recombinant human form carries FDA approval for anemia in chronic kidney disease and in chemotherapy patients. Binding at receptors on bone marrow cells promotes survival and maturation of red blood cell precursors, which raises oxygen-carrying capacity. Competitive sports ban it for its performance-enhancing effects.
Dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, first in its class, pairing appetite suppression with stimulated thermogenesis. Phase 3 trials showed it superior to semaglutide on weight loss and glycemic control.
The first oral non-peptide GLP-1 to complete Phase 3 trials. Substantial weight loss comes without injections, refrigeration, or dietary restrictions, and clinical evidence puts the reduction at 12.4% by 72 weeks.
Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (KEDW), isolated originally from bovine pancreatic cells. Developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it interacts with DNA directly to regulate pancreatic gene expression. In old rhesus monkeys, research recorded impaired glucose tolerance corrected, insulin and C-peptide levels normalized, and endocrine pancreatic function improved. It counts as safe and effective against age-related metabolic disturbances.
Aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide that binds selectively to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Lipid peroxidation is prevented and electron transport chain function optimized, raising cellular energy production.
Investigational dual receptor agonist for metabolic disease, working through balanced activation of GLP-1R and GCGR. Phase 2/3 clinical trials show superior weight loss and efficacy in MASH treatment.