Nootropic peptide, synthetic, carrying an acetyl group at the N-terminus and an adamantane modification at the C-terminus; both raise stability and blood-brain barrier penetration. Research covers cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity.

Engineered peptide of 11 amino acids that activates the Innate Repair Receptor (IRR), giving tissue-protective effects while leaving red blood cell production unstimulated. FDA Orphan Drug status applies.

Cyclic dipeptide of endogenous origin, present in plasma, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid. As a metabolite of IGF-1 it governs that hormone's bioavailability by competing for binding at IGFBP-3. Clinical trials back neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, and cardioprotective properties.

Oligopeptide, synthetic, from angiotensin IV; cognitive function is potently enhanced by way of synaptogenesis. Synapse formation runs through HGF/c-Met receptor activation, where potency is 10 million times that of BDNF.

Peptide of 11 amino acids, its sequence taken from the pro-domain of GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor). The design was meant to keep GDNF's neuroprotective properties and drop what limits the full-length protein: manufacturing complexity, off-target effects, and weak penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Dopaminergic neurons are protected and stimulated in preclinical research, which is why interest in the compound runs high in Parkinson's disease research, and in biohacking circles concerned with the health of the dopamine system.

Nonapeptide occurring naturally, first found in rabbit brain in 1974. Isolation followed from its sleep-promoting properties, but its neuromodulatory effects are wider: stress reduction, pain modulation, and endocrine regulation, all without traditional sedative effects.

Synthetic peptide whose sequence comes from the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), specifically its second fibronectin type III module. The interaction of NCAM with FGFR1, the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, is what it mimics, and the downstream signaling cascades that follow promote neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Research has run mostly in animal models, where the compound has shown promise in stroke recovery, cognitive enhancement, and models of neurodegenerative disease.

Version of the Russian nootropic Semax, enhanced and stabilized, with acetylation and amidation supplying superior stability, a longer half-life, and higher bioavailability.

Synthetic heptapeptide analog of tuftsin, an immune peptide that occurs naturally; the Russian Academy of Sciences developed it. Anxiolytic effects are comparable to those of benzodiazepines, but sedation, amnesia, tolerance, and withdrawal do not follow.

Synthetic heptapeptide from fragment 4–10 of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), developed originally in Russia for stroke recovery. CNS penetration is raised by direct transport along the olfactory epithelium and trigeminal nerves, which bypasses the blood-brain barrier.

Derivative of Selank, modified for greater stability, better crossing of the blood-brain barrier, and a longer half-life than the parent compound. Selank itself has been approved in Russia since the early 2000s.

Tetrapeptide bioregulator (AEDP) of the Khavinson series; the brain and central nervous system are its primary targets. Work at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology produced it. In the nervous system it regulates inflammatory responses, it restores the balance of pro- and anti-oxidative processes, and expression of interleukin-2 is stimulated. Research points to potential benefits for nerve regeneration, for recovery from ischemic brain injury, and for reducing autoimmune reactions that affect the CNS.

First of the mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) to be discovered, cloned from the occipital lobe of a patient with Alzheimer's. Its 24 amino acids are encoded within the 16S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA, and its neuroprotective, cytoprotective, and anti-apoptotic properties are potent. Levels decline with age, research reports, yet hold stable in long-lived species — naked mole-rats among them — and the offspring of centenarians carry significantly higher levels.

Enhanced form of Selank, the anxiolytic nootropic peptide out of Russia's Institute of Molecular Genetics. An N-acetyl group improves blood-brain barrier penetration and yields more stable metabolites, and C-terminal amidation adds further metabolic stability and receptor binding. Anxiety relief comes without the sedation, dependency, or cognitive impairment that attend benzodiazepines.

Peptide hormone of nine amino acids, made in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. Its functions span social bonding, trust, empathy, reproduction, childbirth, lactation. The synthetic form holds FDA approval for labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage.

Nootropic peptide derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) that raises neurogenesis and cognitive function. An adamantane moiety carries it across the blood-brain barrier. Research reports increased BDNF expression, inhibition of LIF signaling to promote neurogenesis, and reduced tau and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease models. In diseased brains, P21 can push neurogenesis past the level seen in healthy untreated brains.

Synthetic heptapeptide drawn from positions 22–28 of Spadin, acting as a potent TREK-1 antagonist with selectivity and duration beyond the parent compound. Rapid antidepressant effects are the primary research focus.

Russian in origin, Pinealon acts through a unique interaction with DNA to deliver neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Recovery from traumatic brain injury and age-related cognitive decline both benefit, and the safety profile is clean.

Neuropeptide of 28 amino acids in the glucagon/secretin superfamily. Production occurs in many tissues, the gut, pancreas, and brain among them. Its vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects are potent. Binding at the VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors triggers cAMP-mediated signaling cascades. Research points to therapeutic potential for pulmonary hypertension, diabetes, neurological disorders, and autoimmune conditions.